MySQL 的四种事务隔离级别

MySQL 事务 面试 About 12,066 words

事务的基本要素(ACID)

原子性(Atomicity)

事务开始后所有操作,要么全部做完,要么全部不做,不可能停滞在中间环节。事务执行过程中出错,会回滚到事务开始前的状态,所有的操作就像没有发生一样。也就是说事务是一个不可分割的整体,就像化学中学过的原子,是物质构成的基本单位。

一致性(Consistency)

事务开始前和结束后,数据库的完整性约束没有被破坏 。比如AB转账,不可能A扣了钱,B却没收到。

隔离性(Isolation)

同一时间,只允许一个事务请求同一数据,不同的事务之间彼此没有任何干扰。比如A正在从一张银行卡中取钱,在A取钱的过程结束前,B不能向这张卡转账。

持久性(Durability)

事务完成后,事务对数据库的所有更新将被保存到数据库,不能回滚。

事务的并发问题

脏读

事务A读取了事务B更新的数据,然后B回滚操作,那么A读取到的数据是脏数据。

不可重复读

不能多次读,多次读数据就不一样了。

事务A多次读取同一数据,事务B在事务A多次读取的过程中,对数据作了更新并提交,导致事务A多次读取同一数据时,结果不一致。

幻读

系统管理员A将数据库中所有学生的成绩从具体分数改为ABCDE等级,但是系统管理员B就在这个时候插入了一条具体分数的记录,当系统管理员A改结束后发现还有一条记录没有改过来,就好像发生了幻觉一样,这就叫幻读。

小结

不可重复读的和幻读很容易混淆,不可重复读侧重于修改,幻读侧重于新增或删除。解决不可重复读的问题只需锁住满足条件的行,解决幻读需要锁表。

事务隔离级别

事务隔离级别 脏读 不可重复读 幻读
读未提交(READ-UNCOMMITTED)
读已提交(READ-COMMITTED)
可重复读(REPEATABLE-READ)
串行化(SERIALIZABLE)

MySQL默认事务隔离级别

mysql> select @@tx_isolation;
+-----------------+
| @@tx_isolation  |
+-----------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ |
+-----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

读未提交

第一步:打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为read uncommitted(读未提交),查询表account的记录:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |     100 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第二步:打开另一个客户端B,并设置当前事务模式为read uncommitted(读未提交),更新表account

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第三步:客户端B的事务还没提交,但是客户端A就可以查询到B已经更新的数据:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |     100 | -- 此处为第一步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> 
mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 | -- 此处为新读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第四步:客户端B的事务因为某种原因回滚,所有的操作都将会被撤销,那客户端A查询到的数据其实就是脏数据:

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> rollback; -- 客户端B执行回滚
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |     100 | -- 客户端B中已经是最新的数据了
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第五步:客户端A在客户端B事务回滚后执行更新语句,发现并不是预想的50-50=0,解决此脏读现象可使用读已提交(READ-COMMITTED)隔离级别。

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

读已提交

第一步:打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为read committed(读已提交),查询表account的记录:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第二步:打开另一个客户端B,并设置当前事务模式为read committed(读已提交),更新表account

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 |
|  2 | smith |     150 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第三步:客户端B的事务还没提交,客户端A不能查询到B已经更新的数据,解决了脏读问题,在客户端A查询:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 | -- 此处为第一步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 | -- 此处为新读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第四步:客户端B的事务提交

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

第五步:客户端A执行与上一步(第三步)相同的查询,结果与上一步(第三步)不一致,即产生了不可重复读的问题(每次读取数据不一致问题)。

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 | -- 此处为第一步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |      50 | -- 此处为第三步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> 
mysql> select * from account; -- 此处客户端B已经提交了事务
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 | -- 此处为新读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可重复读

第一步:打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为repeatable read(可重复读),查询表account的记录:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level repeatable read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第二步:打开另一个客户端B,并设置当前事务模式为repeatable read(可重复读),更新表account并提交:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level repeatable read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |     -50 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

第三步:在客户端A查询表account的记录,与第一步查询结果一致,没有出现不可重复读的问题:

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 | -- 此处为第一步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 | -- 此处为新取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第四步:在客户端A执行更新语句,发现并不是0-50=-50,而是根据客户端B已提交的事务(第二步)得到的数据值-50-50=-100。数据的一致性是没有被破坏。可重复读的隔离级别下使用了MVCC机制,select操作不会更新版本号,是快照读(历史版本);insertupdatedelete会更新版本号,之后再进行select操作则会得到最新的版本号。

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |       0 | -- 此处为第三步读取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance=balance-50 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |    -100 |  -- 此处为新取到的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第五步:打开客户端B,插入一条新数据后提交:

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into account values(4,'peter', 400);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

第六步:在客户端A查询表account的记录,没有查出新增的数据,所以没有出现幻读:

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |    -100 | -- 此处为第四步读取的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> 
mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |    -100 |  -- 此处为新读取的值
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
+----+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

串行化

第一步:打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为serializable(串行化),查询表account的记录:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level serializable;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name  | balance |
+----+-------+---------+
|  1 | jack  |    -100 |
|  2 | smith |     200 |
|  3 | ray   |     300 |
|  4 | peter |     400 |
+----+-------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第二步:打开一个客户端B,并设置当前事务模式为serializable,插入一条记录报错,表被锁了一直等待插入,MySQL中事务隔离级别为serializable时会锁表,因此不会出现幻读的情况,这种隔离级别并发性极低,开发中很少会用到。

mysql> set session transaction isolation level serializable;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into account values(5,'kitty', 500);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

补充

  1. 事务隔离级别为读提交时,写数据只会锁住相应的行;
  2. 事务隔离级别为可重复读时,如果检索条件有索引(包括主键索引)的时候,默认加锁方式是next-key锁;如果检索条件没有索引,更新数据时会锁住整张表。一个间隙被事务加了锁,其他事务是不能在这个间隙插入记录的,这样可以防止幻读;
  3. 事务隔离级别为串行化时,读写数据都会锁住整张表;
  4. 隔离级别越高,越能保证数据的完整性和一致性,但是对并发性能的影响也越大;
  5. MySQL MVCC实现机制参考链接:https://blog.csdn.net/whoamiyang/article/details/51901888
  6. 关于next-key锁可以参考链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/bf862c37c4c9

原文

https://www.cnblogs.com/wyaokai/p/10921323.html

Views: 2,560 · Posted: 2021-03-17

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